The Properties of Water
Grade Level		Prospective and Practicing K-8 Teachers; may be adapted for use in elementary classes
Time		Exercises 1-4 take approximately 2 hours. Water is everywhere. It's in the air we breathe. It's in our sink faucets, and it's in every cell of our body. Water is an unusual substance with special properties. Just think about the wonder of water:
To Ponder		1.	How does water rise from the roots of a redwood tree to the very top?
		2.	How do insects walk on water?
		3.	Why does ice float rather than sink?
		4.	Why do people become seriously ill, or die, if they go without liquid for a week or so?
		5.	How would life in a lake be affected if ice sank and lakes froze from the bottom up?
		In this first lab, we will investigate the properties of water in an attempt to understand how water behaves in relation to both our bodies and the environment. Through a concise set of experiments, the unique properties of water and its consequent importance to living things will become apparent.
Supplies		chromatography paper strips detergent vis-a-vis black ink pens wax paper pennies glue cooking oil red food coloring water 10 ml grad cylinders 50 ml grad. cylinders beaker glass slides stirring rods medicine droppers scissors Figure 1. Supplies
Objectives		Once you have completed this exercise you should be able to:
		1.	Describe the polarity of a water molecule and explain how that polarity affects the properties of water.
		2.	Explain why water climbs the inside of a thin glass capillary but not a thin plastic capillary.
		3.	Explain why water climbs a paper strip.
		4.	Describe a system whereby the components of a water-based substance might be separated and discuss how this separation occurs.
		5.	Explain why oil and water don't mix.
		6.	Predict whether a substance, based on its hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic properties, will dissolve into water or oil.
Background Information		Water covers about three fourths of the surface of the earth? It is ubiquitous. It is also one of the simplest yet most important molecules in living systems. It makes up from 50 to 95 percent of the weight of living organisms. The cytoplasm of a cell is a water-based solution that contains a variety of ions, salts, and molecules which make life 'happen.' Water is literally involved in every facet of life. Figure 2. Polarity of Water Molecule The simplicity of the water molecule belies the complexity of its properties. Based on its small size and light weight, one can predict how it should behave, yet it remains liquid at a much higher temperatures than expected. It also boilsand freezes at much too high, or low, of a temperature for a molecule of its size. Many of these unexpected properties of water are due to the fact that water molecules are attracted to each other like small magnets (cohesion). This attraction results in turn from the structure of the water molecule and the characteristics of the atoms it contains. Each molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen connected to one atom of oxygen, as shown below. This is summarized in the familiar formula, H2O. Figure 3. Hydrogen Bonding in Water
Powerful Idea		Atoms are most stable when they have a particular configuration of their outer shells, a concept which will be discussed in future labs. These configurations explain why hydrogen in water will take on a partial positive charge and why oxygen will take on a partial negative charge. These partial charges cause water molecules to 'stick' to each other like magnets. The 'stickiness' in this particular case is due to 'hydrogen bonding'. In this case, hydrogen bonding involves the attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen atom of another water molecule. As no electrons are actually shared however, hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds - they easily break and easily form again.
Exercise 1		Surface Tension & Adhesion
		1a	Drop Behavior - Water on Penny
To Do		1.	Obtain a medicine dropper and a small (10 ml) graduated cylinder. Make sure the dropper is clean.
		2.	Drop water into the graduated cylinder with the dropper, counting each drop.
		3.	How many drops, of the size produced by your medicine dropper, are in each cubic centimeter (cc) of water? (1 cubic centimeter = 1 milliliter)? __________ drops
Data Collection		4.	Conversely, how much water is in each drop? (divide 1cc by the number of drops) __________ cc. per drop, average.
		5.	Now, let's see how many drops of water you can you place on the surface of a penny before it overflows.
Data Collection		6.	How many drops do you predict? Table 1. Number of Drops Predicted person #1   person #2   person #3   person #4   Total 1 - 4   Average
To Do		7.	Drop water from the dropper onto a penny, keeping careful count of each drop. Draw a diagram below showing the shape of the water on the penny after one drop, when the penny is about half full, and just before it overflows.
Data Collection		Figure 4. Drawing of Drops
Results		8.	How many drops were you able to place on the surface of the penny before it overflowed? __________ drops
Interpret		9.	If the number of drops is very different from your prediction, explain what accounts for the difference.
		10.	Explain your results in terms of cohesion
		1b	Effects of Detergent
To Do		1.	With your finger, spread one small drop of detergent on the surface of a dry penny.
Predict		2.	How many drops do you think this penny will hold after being smeared with detergent, more, less, or the same as before? Why?
		3.	Specifically, how many drops do you think it will hold? Table 2. Prediction of Number of Drops of Water on a Penny with Detergent
			person #1   person #2   person #3   person #4   Average
To Do		4.	Using the same dropper as before, add drops of water to the penny surface. Keep careful count of the number of drops, and draw the water on the penny after one drop, about half full, and just before overflowing.
			Figure 5. Drawing of Drops on a Penny with Detergent
Results		5.	How many drops were you able to place on the penny before it overflowed this time? __________ drops
Question		6.	Did the detergent make a difference? Describe the effect of the detergent.
		7.	What does the detergent do to have this effect on water?
Interpret		8.	Explain how detergents act as cleaning agents, considering the cohesion among water molecules and the affects of amphipathic molecules .
		1c	Drop Shape on Glass and Wax Paper
Question		1.	What will be the shape of a drop of water on (a) a piece of wax paper and (b) a glass slide. Draw the shape of the drop you expect on each surface:
			__________ __________ wax paper glass
		2.	Why did you predict as you did? What assumptions are guiding your thinking?
To Do		3.	Perform the experiment. Place several drops of water on each surface and draw the results below.
Interpret			__________ __________ wax paper glass
		4.	Compare your predictions with your observations and explain.
		5.	Can you explain the differences in drop behavior in terms of adhesion - that is, the formation (or absence) of hydrogen bonds between molecules of different types? Which molecules?
Exercise 2		The Climbing Property of Water
Background		1.	Water moves to the tops of tall trees due to capillary action combined with root pressure and evaporation from the stomata (openings) in the leaves. Water will also climb up paper, and often the migrating water will carry other molecules along with it. The distance traveled by these other molecules will vary with their mass and charge.
Predict		2.	How fast do you think water would climb a strip of absorbent paper about one-half inch wide? about one inch per ____________________ (time)
To Do		3.	Obtain a 50 ml graduated cylinder, and tear off a strip of chromatography paper that is just long enough to hang over the side of the cylinder (inside) and reach to the bottom.
			Figure 6. 50 ml Graduated Cylinder with Chromatography Paper & Ink
To Do		4.	Run the paper strip along the edge of a scissors to take the curl out of it.
		5.	Place a single small drop of ink from a black vis-a-vis pen on the paper, about one inch from the bottom, and let it dry completely. Figure 7. Ink on Chromatography Paper
		6.	Put 10 ml of water into the graduated cylinder and place the strip of paper in the cylinder so that the bottom end is immersed in water and the drop of ink is just above the surface of the water. Fold the paper over the top side. Figure 8. Close-up of Ink
		7.	Note the starting time below.
Data Collection		8.	Watch and note the time at 5 minute intervals. When the water climbs to the top of the paper, remove the paper from the water, and let it dry. Table 3. Time of Water Climbing
			Time (minutes) Distance (inches) 0   5   10   15   20   25   30
To Do		9.	How did the ink change? Glue the paper onto the page here, and label each color on the strip.
		10.	How do you explain the results? Your explanation should involve capillary action, polar molecules and hydrogen bonding.
Exercise 3		Cohesion of Water
		3a	Water & Oil
To Do		1.	Put 8 ml of water into a 10 ml graduated cylinder.
Predict		2.	What will happen if you add cooking oil? (Predict by choosing a, b, c, d, or e below) a. the oil will float on top of the water b. the oil will sink to the bottom of the water c. the oil will dissolve in the water d. the oil will become mixed up with the water e. other (what?)
			Oil is a hydrophobic or 'water hating' molecule, so called because its chemical structure does not allow the formation of hydrogen bonds. Therefore, oil does not dissolve in water. When mixed, the two substances form separate layers, and because oil is less dense, it sits on top of water. Figure 9. Water and Oil
		3.	Gently add 2 ml of cooking oil by tilting the cylinder of water slightly and letting the oil run slowly down the inside of the cylinder.
Results		4.	What happened?
To Do		5.	Save this graduated cylinder with its contents and get a clean 10 ml cylinder for the next experiment.
		3b	Oil & Water
To Do		1.	Place 8 ml of cooking oil in a 10 ml graduated cylinder.
Predict		2.	What will happen when you add water? (Predict by choosing a, b, c, d, or e below) a. the water will float on top of the oil b. the water will sink to the bottom of the oil c. the water will dissolve in the oil d. the water will become mixed up with the oil e. other (what?)
To Do		3.	Gently add 2 ml of water by tilting the cylinder of oil slightly and letting the water run slowly down the inside of the cylinder.
Results			What happened?
Question		4.	Which is less dense (that is that has less weight per ml.), oil or water? ____________________
Interpret		5.	This characteristic behavior of water and oil is of critical importance for living things, determining many properties of the cell. Can you explain how? Consider the picture that follows: Figure 10. Enlargement of Cell Membrane to Show Phospholipid Bilayer.
Question		6.	What mechanism causes water molecules and oil molecules to separate from one another? Your explanation should involve polar and non-polar molecules, the effects of polarity on the molecular interactions, and hydrogen bonding.
		3c	Water, Oil, and Dye
Predict		1.	Predict what will happen if you add a few drops of a water-soluble dye solution to each of the above graduated cylinders containing water and oil. Will the dye mix with the water, the oil, or both?
To Do		2.	Perform the experiment. Add a few drops of dye to each cylinder. Use a glass stirring rod to penetrate the interface between each layer, giving the dye access to both water and oil. How does the dye behave in each cylinder? Does it diffuse into the oil? Into the water?
Results		3.	Compare your predictions and results. Explain any differences.
To Do		4.	Stir the contents of each cylinder with a stirring rod and then let it sit.
Predict		5.	Will the contents remain mixed? Why do you think so?
Interpret		6.	Observe what happens, compare with your prediction, and explain why it happens. Your explanation should involve polarity, polar and non-polar molecules, solution and hydrogen bonding.
		3d	Sheen
Predict		1.	Take a clean beaker of water. Predict what will happen if you add one small drop of oil to the water using a medicine dropper.
To Do		2.	Do this experiment. Can you see the oil? Was your prediction correct? Add more drops of oil if necessary to see it clearly. Describe. Your description should focus on the separation of polar and non-polar layers and why that occurs.
Predict		3.	Predict what will happen if you add a drop of detergent to the beaker.
To Do		4.	Now add a drop of detergent to the beaker of water with oil on top. Record your results
Interpret		5.	Compare the results with your prediction, and explain how the detergent works in molecular terms. Your explanation should focus on the ways in which amphipathic molecules disrupt cohesion.
Interpret		6.	Explain some of the consequences of oil spills in the sea. What effects do they have on sea life and bird life, and what methods are used to 'clean up' oil spills?
Exercise 4		Class Summary
To Do		1.	Summarize class results with respect to drops on a penny in the table below.
		Table 4. Number of Drops on a Penny Group # Drops without Detergent # Drops with Detergent 1     2     3     4     5     6     7     8     Average
Interpret		2.	Explain the variation from group to group.
		3.	What general conclusions can you draw from the class data?
		4.	Summarize the most powerful ideas (1 to 5) you learned in this lab.
Exercise 5		Organizing Your Knowledge
		1.	Describe at least one observation you have made outside the laboratory that illustrates each phenomenon below.
		a.	Polarity
		b.	Hydrogen bonds
		c.	Cohesion
		d.	Surface tension
		e.	Adhesion
		f.	Capillary action
		g.	Amphipathic
		h.	Dissolving
		i.	Density
		2.	The table below summarizes nine phenomena associated with water across the top and list the exercises we have performed down the side. For each exercise, indicate which phenomena are illustrated.
Supplementary Resources		The following books support the California Department of Education's Science Frameworks. Watson, Lyall. (1988). The Water Planet. Beautifully illustrated, this book discusses the physics and chemistry. New York: Crown Publishers. Dorsey, N. Ernest. (1968). Properties of ordinary water substance in all its phases: water vapor, water & all the ices. New York: Hafner Publishing. Wetlist (http://www.uwin.siu.edu/WaterSites/index.html) - Comprehensive Water Topics
Related AAAS Benchmarks		Chapter 5: THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT Section C: Cells Grade K-2 (Benchmark 2 of 2) Most living things need water, food, and air. Grade 3-5 (Benchmark 1 of 2) Some living things consist of a single cell. Like familiar organisms, they need food, water, and air; a way to dispose of waste; and an environment they can live in. Grade 6-8 (Benchmark 4 of 4) About two thirds of the weight of cells is accounted for by water, which gives cells many of their properties. Chapter 8: THE DESIGNED WORLD Section A: Agriculture Grade K-2 (Benchmark 1 of 4) Most food comes from farms either directly as crops or as the animals that eat the crops. To grow well, plants need enough warmth, light, and water. Crops also must be protected from weeds and pests that can harm them.